Webb’s early observation campaign has led to some remarkable discoveries. The telescope has spotted galaxies that are nearly as massive as the Milky Way, filled with mature red stars, and dispersed in deep field images. But here’s the kicker: these galaxies are so far away that they appear only as tiny, reddish dots to the powerful telescope.

By analyzing the light emitted by these galaxies, astronomers have established that they were viewing them in our universe’s infancy, only 500 to 700 million years after the Big Bang.Early galaxies aren’t particularly surprising. Astronomers expected that the first star clusters would spring up shortly after the universe moved out of the so-called dark ages—the first 400 million years of its existence when only a thick fog of hydrogen atoms permeated space.

But the galaxies found in the Webb images are shockingly big, and the stars in them are too old. The new findings are in conflict with existing ideas of how the universe looked and evolved in its early years, and they don’t match earlier observations made by Webb’s less powerful predecessor, the Hubble Space Telescope.

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