Hydrogen atoms situated at the edges of molecules affect many properties of those molecules, including how they interact with other molecules. Hydrogen bonds are one of the most common forms of molecular interactions, in which a positively charged hydrogen atom at the side of a molecule is attracted to a negative atom in a neighboring molecule.

Hydrogen bonds are of great importance in the field of on-surface synthesis, in which molecules are first absorbed onto a surface and then react with each other. But despite their significance, direct observations of these small yet important atoms have been elusive.

To visualize the sides of molecules, researchers employed a specialized technique derived from atomic force microscopy (AFM).

In AFM, a sharp tip is brought close to a surface, and the forces on the tip are recorded as it moves over the surface. Previous AFM experiments focused on the vertical component of force and didn’t reveal the hydrogen atoms at the sides of molecules. To overcome this limitation, researchers employed lateral force microscopy (LFM), which measures the horizontal forces exerted on the AFM tip.

PD Dr. Alfred J. Weymouth from the working group of Prof. Dr. Franz J. Gießibl, holder of the Chair of Quantum Nanoscience at the UR, is a leading expert in the field of LFM. He highlighted its unique capabilities, stating, “Despite the fact that it is not widely used, LFM offers several advantages over conventional AFM, including exceptional distance sensitivity, enabling the extraction of physical parameters from a single image, and the ability to quantify frictional forces by sliding a single atom across chemical bonds.”

By measuring the lateral force exerted on the AFM tip at the edges of the molecules, Dr. Weymouth and coworkers were able to directly visualize the hydrogen atoms. The raw data from the experiments could be compared directly to theoretical calculations, providing a deeper understanding of the atomic interactions at play. While atom-atom interactions are often modeled using simplified distance-dependent functions, comparing these models to the experimental data revealed the limitations of these approximations, highlighting the importance of incorporating additional factors into these theoretical frameworks.

This insight is valuable for both AFM and LFM investigations, as it allows researchers to refine their understanding of basic atomic interactions. The ability to directly observe hydrogen atoms marks a significant breakthrough for researchers, providing a powerful tool to elucidate the intricate mechanisms and intermediate steps of on-surface chemical reactions. This advancement holds immense potential for accelerating progress in various fields, including surface catalysis and molecular interactions within the human body.

The development of this novel technique represents a significant step forward in our understanding of the microscopic world, opening up new avenues for research and innovation. By directly visualizing the behavior of hydrogen atoms, researchers can gain deeper insights into the fundamental processes that govern the interactions of molecules, paving the way for transformative advancements in various fields.

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