These hidden structures in spacetime may be shaping our perception of the universe.

Scientists in Greece have created a new mathematics which they expect will help fill a missing puzzle in the nature of gravity over the large distances in universe.

Today there are truly vast difficulties which cosmologists have met in attempts to define what they call ‘the recent cosmological past’, during which the universe expansion was accelerated. Unfortunately, the current set mathematical models does not incorporate this change, thus resulting to huge differences. The Greek researchers propose a novel idea: microman in wormholes, the qualities and quantity of which may explain these disparities. Such theoretical constructs can easily be incorporated into the existing theories without much altercations.

In their recent paper in the peer-reviewed journal Physical Review D by the American Physical Society the authors elaborate on how the “positive cosmological constant” used to describe an expanding universe, created mathematical discrepancies. Indeed, according to mathematics known to quantum field theory, this constant should range from 10^120 times larger than the observed data.

To calculate this let us recall that 120 orders of magnitude is a number that is way beyond 120 times, but it is immeasurably larger. For instance, the chance of being affected by the lightning is approximately 1 and 15,300 while, if it is increased by 120 orders of magnitude then it comes to about 1 and 127 which is a sure bet.

In order to resolve these contradictions into their model, the scientists propose to include a new factor. They propose two main possibilities: either first, a variable cosmological constant that is caused by the effect of dark energy; or second, a superior theory of gravity that would explain a more complicated universe.

Their paper explores combining both ideas: to achieve its ultimate goal of describing a far more intricate gravitational background than is offered by LPT, instantons and wormholes could also automatically solve the riddle of dark energy.

In cosmology, certain factors are normally used to partition the universe for the ease of analysis and they include; topology and manifold theory. These models endeavour to equalise val ue s to match the scale and make provision for all known factors. Yet, the physics of different scales in a way do not fit one another seamlessly, but transition with different thresholds of complexity. Einstein’s theories and quantum mechanics give understanding on visible and cosmic structures but a challenge arises when put it together in a single system.

One of the disruptive concepts is quantum foam It is proposed that when the space is split to its basic quantum level, it becomes possible to have bubbles in which the conventional laws are not necessarily valid. Perhaps, these wormholes are permeating this ‘foam’ and thus provide ways of connecting cosmic ideas without compromising the basic principles.

That is why the use of the term “wormhole” could be quite misleading, since these structures could be higher-dimensional tunnels, or holes. Manifold theory makes it possible for scientists to include these dimensions and endeavour to try and explain them.

The paper also suggests that when the wormholes are considered within the quantum foam new mathematical operations and transformation steps arise. When we consider a manifold, changing topology by the presence of wormholes, the application of the Gauss-Bonnet theorem gives an “effective cosmological constant. ”

In other words, this means that the existence of wormholes could be additional to the cosmological constant as observed today. The paper shows that, if the cosmological constant changes, it could be derived from a density of about 10 quadrillion microscopic wormholes per cubic meter per second and this is quite reasonable.

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